![[photo, Culling through farm-raised oysters harvested from a shellfish lease, Maryland]](/msa/mdmanual/21dnr/images/1198-1-09480b.jpg)
Aquaculture, or farming the water, produces a variety of finfish and shellfish: hybrid striped bass, prawns, tilapia, catfish, yellow perch, eels, crawfish, trout, oysters, and soft crabs. For laboratory research, aquaculture supplies ornamental aquatic plants and fish, game fish, bait, and some specimens. Aquaculturally produced fish are exempt from laws and regulations that pertain to wild harvested species, including endangered species provisions.
According to the 2022 Census of Agriculture, aquaculture's market value in Maryland was $15 million across 85 farms.
Culling through farm-raised oysters harvested from a shellfish lease, Nanticoke River, Wicomico County, Maryland, May 2018. Photo by Nat Warning, courtesy of Department of Natural Resources.
![[photo, Tawes State Office Building, 580 Taylor Ave., Annapolis, Maryland]](/msa/mdmanual/21dnr/images/i006048b.jpg)
Maryland's first aquaculture legislation passed in 1988. Since then, most aquafarmed products have been grown in ponds. A new intensive aquaculture, however, now uses recirculating tanks, making farm-raised fish available year-round.
Formerly supported by the Department of Agriculture, aquaculture, since July 2011, has been assisted and promoted by the Aquaculture and Industry Enhancement Division in the Department of Natural Resources, as well as the Aquaculture Coordinating Council.
Department of Natural Resources, Tawes State Office Building, 580 Taylor Ave., Annapolis, Maryland, March 2001. Photo by Diane F. Evartt.
![[photo, Oyster aquaculture exhibit, Maryland State Fair, Timonium, Maryland]](/msa/mdmanual/01glance/agriculture/images/1198-1-07361b.jpg)
The Aquaculture and Industry Enhancement Division grants shellfish aquaculture leases in Maryland, which authorize leaseholders to plant, grow and harvest shellfish, mostly oysters, from the leased areas. The Division also issues permits, commercial and private, to produce various species of finfish, plants, and invertebrates. In calendar year 2023, the Division issued 14 new Commercial Shellfish Aquaculture Leases, permitted 505 distinct individuals to work on Shellfish leases via issuance of 2,921 harvester cards, issued 79 Shellfish Import Permits, 10 Shellfish Nursery Permits, and 20 Non-Shellfish Aquaculture Permits.
Oyster aquaculture exhibit, Maryland State Fair, Timonium, Maryland, September 2015. Photo by Sarah A. Hanks.
In 2014, Maryland agreed to restore oyster populations in five Chesapeake Bay tributaries as a part of the interstate Chesapeake Bay Watershed Agreement. Hundreds of millions of juvenile oysters were planted on both sanctuary reefs and public oyster reefs annually. In 2023, oyster farms in Maryland produced 94,286 bushels of oysters worth some $7.4 million. Also, in 2023, more than 1.7 billion new juvenile oysters, a record number, were planted on sanctuary and public oyster fishery sites in Maryland’s Chesapeake Bay.
Throughout Maryland, 12 "fee-fishing lakes" are stocked with fish species, including catfish, largemouth bass, and trout. These lakes are licensed operations found on private property. Issued by the Fishing and Boating Services, a permit allows for the catching and keeping of fish without a Fisheries Service fishing license.
More than 200 schools, nature centers, government agencies, and private organizations raise fish, shellfish, or aquatic plants for educational or restoration purposes. In cooperation with park and fishery managers, species produced include American shad, American eel, hybrid bluegill, rainbow trout, striped bass, yellow perch, and oysters.
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