liam Claibourne's refusal to acknowledge Maryland
jurisdiction over his Kent Island settlement—started in
1631—was an early challenge to which Governor Cal-
vert was forewarned by Cecil Calvert's instructions. In
the end the Governor had to take an armed force to
Kent Island to persuade its inhabitants to accept his
authority. His account of the affair in a letter to Lord
Baltimore conveys an impression of a good planner who
knew how to implement a firm policy of carrot and
stick.

   Governor Calvert also had to convince his brother
that policies conceived in England could not always be
usefully enforced in Maryland. When the Assembly of
1638 refused to pass laws Cecil Calvert had dispatched
from England, Leonard convinced the Lord Proprietor
that "there was...many things unsuteable to the peo-
ples good and no way conduceing to your proffitt," and
that the laws that were passed instead "provide both for
your honor and proffitt as much as those you sent us
did." By listening to his governor and agreeing to the
Assembly's right to initiate laws, Lord Baltimore cre-
ated a constitutional landmark.¹⁴

   If successful in some matters, Governor Calvert could
not always obtain the cooperation or loyalty of the
manor lords. Of the seventeen gentlemen that had sailed
on the Ark, only he, Cornwallis, and two minor in-
vestors, Thomas Green and John Medcalf, were left by
the end of 1638. The others had died or returned to
England.¹⁵ Luckily for Lord Baltimore, new investors
replaced them, but any special bond produced by shar-
ing in the first adventure had disappeared. Quarrels
over trade, over the distribution of provincial office and
power, and over the privileges the Jesuit priests re-