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to the General Assembly was required, and an appropriation of $5,000 annually for two years was included,
provided that the managers could raise $30,000 from private subscription. In 1882, the Industrial Home
for Colored Girls was established, with the Governor appointing two out of eleven managers, and
tax-exempt status (Chapter 291, Acts of 1882).

All of the above institutions as private corporations carried out their public role as caretakers for the
State's youthful offenders. However, two of them in 1918 became public agencies of the State. The former
House of Refuge, then known as the Maryland School for Boys, became the Maryland Training School
for Boys, the State's reformatory institution for white boys (Chapter 300, Acts of 1918), and its
counterpart for white girls, formerly the Maryland Industrial School for Girls or the Female House of
Refuge, was designated as the Maryland Industrial Training School for Girls (Chapter 303, Acts of 1918).

In an executive reorganization in 1922, both training schools together with the Maryland School for
the Deaf, were placed under the jurisdiction of the Department of Education (Chapter 29, Acts of 1922).
When Maryland established the Maryland Training School for Colored Girls as its reformatory institution
for black girls, superseding the Industrial Home for Colored Girls, it too was placed under the supervision
of the State Superintendent of Schools (Chapter 367, Acts of 1931). The State completed its acquisition
of private reformatory institutions by taking over the House of Reformation at Cheltenham to be its
reformatory for black boys and renaming it Cheltenham School for Boys (Chapter 70, Acts of 1937).

In 1943, the State Department of Public Welfare was given specific supervisory authority over both
public and private institutions "having the care, custody or control of dependent, delinquent, abandoned
or neglected children" (Chapter 797, Acts of 1943). Under the Department's Bureau of Child Welfare, a
Division of Institutions oversaw the State's training schools for delinquent children: Maryland Training
School for Boys, Montrose School for Girls (formerly the Maryland Industrial Training School for Girls),
Cheltenham School for Boys, and Maryland Training School for Colored Girls.

The Department of Juvenile Services originated as an agency of the same name in 1966 (Chapter 126,
Acts of 1966). That former department, in 1967, assumed administrative responsibilities for all State
juvenile training schools, children's centers, and boys' forestry camps that previously had been overseen
by the State Department of Public Welfare. At the same time, the Department of Juvenile Services initiated
a single statewide program for juvenile probation and aftercare services, formerly provided by the counties,
Baltimore City the State Department of Public Welfare, and the State Department of Parole and Probation.
In 1969, the Department of Juvenile Services, then known as the Juvenile Services Administration, was
placed within the Department of Health and Mental Hygiene (Chapter 77, Acts of 1969). It became an
independent agency named the Juvenile Services Agency in 1987 (Chapter 290, Acts of 1987). The
Agency was restructured as a principal department of State government in 1989 (Chapter 539, Acts of
1989).

In the past twenty-five years the State has significantly altered the way it cares for troubled youth.
Maryland no longer relies heavily on custodial care in institutions to treat juveniles who have violated the
law. Juvenile Services' most recent reform initiative is best characterized by the 1988 closing of the
Montrose School and expansion of community-based alternatives to insticutionalization.

The Department of Juvenile Services provides individualized care and treatment, consistent with
the public safety, to youth under the age of eighteen who violate the criminal law, or are likely to
violate the law, or whose behavior is such that they may endanger themselves or others. The
Department administers a continuum of services and programs and, whenever feasible, serves
troubled youth in their homes or in community-based residential settings. Services include probation,
aftercare supervision, community-based residential programs, and a full range of nonresidential and
residential services provided by private vendors.

In addition, the Department operates institutional programs for juveniles who pose a risk to public
safety The Charles H. Hickey, Jr. School, which serves adjudicated delinquents who cannot be served in
a less restrictive setting, provides an array of specialized educational and treatment services to committed
youth. The Department's five detention facilities provide short-term residential care to juveniles awaiting
trial or court disposition.

The Department also licenses private and publicly operated residential programs serving troubled
youth.