968 ADDRESSES AND STATE PAPERS

taken to improve living conditions and enlarge economic opportunity
in such areas, but this alone will not be enough. We can — and
should — seek to provide more jobs in the ghettoes. We can — and
should — improve transportation facilities between inner cities and
other places of employment within and outside the city. Yet there
are powerful environmental forces in operation that will limit the
effectiveness of efforts to provide happy homes and adequate jobs in
the inner city for all who settle there. It makes no sense to support
an economic failure by a permanent governmental subsidy. Most
new jobs, particularly the kind that ghetto residents can be qualified
for, are being established in the outer reaches of metropolitan areas
and in smaller communities. From an economic point of view, it
makes sense for potential workers to locate where most of the new-
jobs are.

Obviously, I am not proposing government action to compel any-
one to move or to settle in any particular place. Yet there is much
that government can do to reinforce the economic influences that
guide migrants in search of greater opportunity.

Second, an urban strategy should be broad enough to include a
plan to improve conditions in non-urban areas from which migrants
are fleeing to the cities. Indeed, improvement of conditions in the
cities unaccompanied by parallel action in non-urban areas may
simply magnify urban problems by stimulating a greater flood of
impoverished migrants from rural areas.

Finally, a plan to meet the needs of the urban poor should aim at
giving them opportunity to secure a personal stake in the society
which many of them reject because they believe that it has rejected
them. Concretely, this means emphasis on helping minority group
members to become managers and owners of businesses in the ghettoes
and to become home owners.

It is important to know our priorities. In the short run, I believe
the emphasis must be on jobs and job training. This meets the im-
mediate need to give adults and young people whose formal schooling
has ended the opportunity to earn in socially useful employment.
In the long run, the emphasis must be on education — through which
a new generation of inner-city residents can grow to maturity equipped
to fashion a better life for themselves.

Neither your patience nor my schedule permits me to offer this
afternoon a detailed program to attain the goals which I have
sketched.