These provisions possibly included lemons to stave off
scurvy that could afflict the travelers especially if bad
weather greatly delayed the voyage. Seventeenth-
century men knew nothing of vitamins, but sailors by
then knew the value of lemons for preventing scurvy.
The gentlemen adventurers may also have added to such
basics more varied supplies for themselves. The Rela-
tion of Maryland (1635) recommended live chickens,
wheat flour for puddings, butter and cheeses, cured
hams, potted meats, wines, and other luxuries.⁴⁷

   To the provisions for the voyage were added a year's
supplies for each settler. John Smith, one of the found-
ers of Virginia, long before (in 1612) had published a list
of what was necessary, and the Relation of Maryland of
1635 made few changes. Per man, 8 bushels of meal, 2
bushels of peas, 2 bushels of oatmeal, 1 bushel of salt,
and a little sugar, spice, and fruit were recommended,
plus a gallon of oil, 2 gallons of vinegar, and 1 gallon of
aquavitae (that is, alcohol). Bedding, clothing, and
equipment for eating and cooking also had to go, along
with saws, hammers and other carpenters' tools, hoes,
axes, shovels, spades, grindstones, and nails. In all the
minimum provisions and equipment needed were esti-
mated at half a ton per person, and Lord Baltimore un-
doubtedly saw to it that he and his investors supplied at
least the minimum. The gentlemen adventurers were ad-
vised to carry more: hogsheads of beef or pork, butter,
cheeses, iron hinges and locks, soap, candles, seeds for
fruit trees, and other items.⁴⁸

   In addition, Lord Baltimore supplied his colony-to-be
with armaments. Four sakers, weighing in all 9,925
pounds, and four demiculverins, weighing together
11,800 pounds, were delivered to the Ark. Sakars of this