75

them, how he conducted his business, his political views,
and his personality.

He was born in England on September 27, 1757, the
tenth child of James Hayes of Lancashire, later of Balti-
more (1705-1788) and his wife Phebe Spence Hayes (1717-
1792) originally from Liverpool. His Latin and French
imprints have led to the conclusion that his education
was of a higher level than that of most printers of his
day, but no details of his education or of his appren-
ticeship to the printing business have been discovered.

His younger brother,³ James Hayes, Junior, was in
Baltimore in 1775, where he published Dunlap's Maryland
Gazette; or the Baltimore General Advertiser for John
Dunlap, prominent printer of Philadelphia, until Septem-
ber 8, 1778, when he (James Hayes, Junior) took it over
and conducted it under the name of the Maryland Gazette,
and Baltimore General Advertiser until July 5, 1779. Aft*
or discontinuing his Baltimore newspaper, James Hayes,
Junior, began another newspaper, probably of short dura-
tion, in Annapolis, then formed another partnership
with John Dunlap for printing in Virginia, where he re-
sided until his death in 1804.⁴

About the same time that Dunlap and James Hayes,
Junior, were establishing a press in Virginia, Dunlap
formed another partnership with the elder of the two

Hayes printers, John Hayes, for a printing office, to be

1 Hayes family Bible records.

2 Cavanaugh, Sister Mary Stephana. Catholic book
publishing history in the United States, p. 56.

3 Hayes family Bible records.

4 Wheeler, J.T. The Maryland press. p. 50-51.