352 State Papers and Addresses

attempts to invade our shores, to threaten our Democratic form of Government,
or to interfere. with our American way of life, and the rights and liberties which
go with it.

Preparation for National Defense is primarily the duty of the Federal
Government, and not of the States. Yet the States have duties to perform in
connection with National Defense, and the Defense Program cannot be fully
successful without the performance of these duties by the States, as well as the
performance of its primary duty by the National Government.

National Defense is the imperative need of the hour, and all agree that
successful preparation for it requires vesting unusual powers in the National
Government, just as it requires the making of sacrifices by individual citizens.
But the real problem in a democracy is to secure the efficiency necessary to
meet the emergency, without depriving the individual citizen of his essential
rights, and under our system of government, an equally important problem is
to give the necessary power and authority to the Federal Government without
permanently impairing the sovereign rights of the States.

The working out of each of these problems requires a high order of states-
manship, and the successful solution of both problems is necessary if democra-
cy, as we know it today, is to survive in America. To high Federal and State
officials there has been apparent the need of preserving the fundamental rights
and liberties of our citizens. There has been frequent comment that in our
efforts to save democracy we must not destroy the privileges and liberties which
form its very essence. In other words, in safeguarding the f-r™ of democracy,
we must not lose its substance. On this point all are agreed, though we are
also agreed that the present situation demands the making of sacrifices by all
citizens, and may require the temporary relinquishment of some of our
customary rights and liberties.

We must be careful to preserve the civil liberties of the people. But the
same solicitude which exists regarding the preservation of rights of the indi-
vidual should also be exhibited toward the essential rights of the States. The
splendid cooperation now being given by the States to the National Government
in all defense matters, together with the evident desire of the Federal authori-
ties to maintain a proper balance between the States and the Federal Govern-
ment, gives every assurance that this will be done.

However, as emergencies increase and become more acute, the tendency
toward more and more power also increases, and I earnestly submit that both
Federal and States officials should constantly have in mind the preservation of
our dual system of Government, and the respective rights of each.

Though none is needed, the deliberations of the Fifth General Assembly
of the Council of State Governments which we are attending will give renewed
assurance of the firm resolve of all the States to continue cooperating to the
fullest extent with the National Government in successfully carrying out the
National Defense Program.

The present crisis calls for the united effort of a united Nation. It calls
for the full support of the President of the United States and the measures
passed by the National Congress, and it calls for a moratorium on partisanship
and politics.