•12 AMENDMENTS TO THE CONSTITUTION or THE U. S. [Arts. 6-12]

compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his favor, and to have the
Assistance of Counsel for his defence.

ARTICLE VII.

In suits at common law, where the value in controversy shall exceed
twenty dollars, the right of trial by jury shall be preserved, and no fact
tried by a jury, shall be otherwise re-examined in any Court of the United
States, than 'according to the rules of the common law.

ARTICLE VIII.

Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor
cruel and unusual punishments inflicted.

ARTICLE IX.

The enumeration in the Constitution, of certain rights, shall not be con-
strued to deny or disparage others retained by the people.

ARTICLE X.

The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor
prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to
the people.

ARTICLE XI. ¹

The Judicial power of the United States shall not be construed to extend
to any suit in law or equity, commenced or prosecuted against one, of the
United States by Citizens of another State, or by Citizens or Subjects of any
Foreign State.

ARTICLE XII. ²

The Electors shall meet in their respective states and vote by ballot for
President and Vice-President, one of whom, at least, shall not be an inhabi-
tant of the same state with themselves; they shall name in their ballots
the person voted for as President, and in distinct ballots the person voted
for as Vice-President, and they shall make distinct lists of all persons voted
for as President, and of all persons voted for as Vice-President, and of the
number of votes for each, which lists they shall sign and certify, and trans-
mit sealed to the seat of the government of the United States, directed to
the President of the Senate; —The President of the Senate shall, in pres-
ence of the Senate and House of Representatives, open all the certificates
and the votes shall then be counted; —The person having the greatest num-
ber of votes for President, shall be the President, if such number be a
majority of the whole number of Electors appointed; and if no person have
such majority, then from the persons having the highest numbers not

¹ The eleventh amendment to the Constitution of the United States was proposed
to the legislatures of the several States by the Third Congress, on the 5th of March,
1794; and was declared in a message from the President to Congress, dated the 8th of
January, 1798, to have been ratified by the legislatures of three-fourths of the States,
^2. The twelfth amendment to the Constitution of the United States was proposed to
the legislatures of the several States by the Eighth Congress, on the 12th of December.
1803, in lieu of the original third paragraph of the first section of the second article;
and was declared in a proclamation of the Secretary of State, dated the 25th of Septem-
ber, 1804, to have been ratified by the legislatures of three-fourths, of the States.