642 ARTICLE 23.

(2) The words "Clerk of the Circuit or Superior Court" used herein,
shall be taken to mean the Clerk of the Circuit Court for a county, or the
Clerk of the Superior Court of Baltimore City, as the case may be.

(3) The word "directors" shall include trustees, managers and the
members of the governing body of the corporation, by whatever name they
may be called.

(4) The words " stockholders " and " shareholders " shall include mem-
bers in the case of corporations having no capital stock, and vice versa,
unless such construction would be inconsistent with the context.

(5) The location of the principal office of a corporation shall be the
place named as such in the charter; and when the location of the principal
office is not so named, it shall be deemed to be the place where the main office
of such corporation in -this State for the transaction of business is actually
situated.

(6) The word " Charter" shall include charter granted by special act,
certificate of incorporation and agreement of consolidation, either as
originally passed or filed or as amended, unless such construction would
be inconsistent with the context.

In the light of sec. 417 of the Code of 1904, sec. 66 of said Code (see sec. 23, An.
Code), was held not to repeal a conflicting provision in the charter of a corporation
created by special act. Webb v. Ridgely, 38 Md. 371.

Sec. 417 of the Code of 1904 (making art. 23 applicable to corporations already
formed), applied. Williamsport, ect., Turnpike Co. v. Startzman, 86 Md. 365;
State v. Consolidation Coal Co., 46 Md. 9.

Sec. 417 of the Code of 1904, cited but not construed in Erb v. Grimes, 94 Md.
105; Goodman v. Jedidjah Lodge, 67 Md. 125.
See notes to sec. 80.
As to co-operative associations, see sec. 419, et seq.

An. Code, sec. 1A. 1916, ch. 596, sec. 17.

2.1 Nothing in the Act of 1916, Chapter 596, shall be construed to af-
fect the existence of any corporation existing on the first day of June, in
the year nineteen hundred and sixteen, or to impair the validity of any
corporate act done or performed in accordance with the pre-existing law;
and nothing in said Act shall release any corporation from, the payment of
any tax or the performance of any obligation to the State or to any county
or city therein due or existing on the first day of June, in the year nineteen
hundred and sixteen, or affect or change the remedy provided for the col-
lection or enforcement of the same; and nothing in said Act shall release,
affect or impair the rights of any creditor or creditors of any corporation
or the obligations or liability of any corporation or of any stockholder or
of any corporate officer existing on the said first day of June, in the 'year
nineteen hundred and sixteen, or the remedies to enforce or protect the
same.

Provisions for Formation of Corporations—Powers.

An. Code, sec. 2. 1904, sec. 14. 1888, sec. 14. 1868, ch. 471, sec. 14. 1908, ch. 240, sec. 2.

3. Corporations may be formed under the provisions of this article for
any one or more lawful purposes, except such as are excluded from the

1 This is sec. 17 of the act of 1916, ch. 596, on pages 1232-3 of the acts of 1916.