war, kept the State in the Union. But this did not prevent
the Confederates from recruiting many volunteers in Mary-
land. Prominent among them were Colonel Bradley T. John-
son, commander of the First Maryland Regiment, C.S.A.,
and Admirals Franklin Buchanan and Raphael Semmes who
served in the Confederate Navy.

In September 1862, General Lee invaded Maryland and at
South Mountain and Antietam fought General McClellan's
army in two of the most bitter battles of the war. Both
sides suffered heavy casualties. McClellan permitted Lee to
retreat across the Potomac without further molestation. It
was while "Stonewall" Jackson was leading his troops
through Frederick on the way to Antietam that the Barbara
Fritchie incident—subject of the famous poem of John
Greenleaf Whittier—is said to have occurred. On the politi-
cal front, President Lincoln seized upon this as the proper
moment for issuing the Emancipation Proclamation.

The following summer. Lee again advanced into Mary-
land. This time, he continued into Pennsylvania and at
Gettysburg between July 1 and 3 engaged General Meade in
a bloody struggle which left Lee's army so badly battered
that he had no choice but to retire into Virginia.

In July 1864, Lee, hoping to divert some of Grant's troops
from the siege of Petersburg, sent General Jubal Early to
raid Western Maryland and threaten Washington. General
Early defeated the Union Forces at the Battle of Monocacy
on July 9 and advanced to the outskirts of Washington. At
the Battle of Fort Stevens, which Lincoln witnessed on
July II, the Union lines held. Grant, meanwhile, sent fresh
troops from Virginia which forced Early to retire. It was
during this third invasion of Maryland that large indemni-
ties were levied on Hagerstown and Frederick.

The war's end had its tragic aftermath for Maryland.
John Wilkes Booth, a native of Harford County, assassina-
ted Lincoln on April 14, 1865, and made his escape through
Southern Maryland into Virginia. During this episode, Dr.
Samuel A. Mudd, a Charles County physician, set Booth's
broken leg for which he was accused of assisting in the
assassination plot and sentenced to prison.

The Late Nineteenth Century

The last half of the Nineteenth Century was relatively
uneventful in Maryland. Except for the years 1895 to 1899,
the Democratic party controlled the State. The nationwide
boom in industry and commerce brought increased business
to Baltimore and the State, and an increase in rail and