Art. 38. That every gift, sale or devise of land to any
Minister, Public Teacher or Preacher of the Gospel, as
such, or to any Religious Sect, Order or Denomination, or
to, or for the support, use or benefit of, or in trust for, any
Minister, Public Teacher or Preacher of the Gospel, as such,
or any Religious Sect, Order or Denomination; and every
gift or sale of goods, chattels, to go in succession, or to take
place after the death of the Seller or Donor, to or for such
support, use or benefit; and also every devise of goods or
chattels to or for the support, use or benefit of any Minister,
Public Teacher or Preacher of the Gospel, as such, or any
Religious Sect, Order or Denomination, without the prior
or subsequent sanction of the Legislature, shall be void;
except always, any sale, gift, lease or devise of any quantity
of land, not exceeding five acres, for a church, meeting-
house, or other house of worship, or parsonage, or for a
burying-ground, which shall be improved, enjoyed or used
only for such purpose; or such sale, gift, lease or devise
shall be void.

Art. 39. That the manner of administering the oath or
affirmation to any person ought to be such as those of the
religious persuasion, profession, or denomination, of which
he is a member, generally esteem the most effectual confir-
mation by the attestation of the Divine Being.

Art. 40. That the liberty of the press ought to be in-
violably preserved; that every citizen of the State ought to
be allowed to speak, write and publish his sentiments on all
subjects, being responsible for the abuse of that privilege.

Art. 41. That monopolies are odious, contrary to the
spirit of a free government and the principles of commerce,
and ought not to be suffered.

Art. 42. That no title or hereditary honors ought to be
granted in this State.

Art. 43. That the Legislature ought to encourage the
diffusion of knowledge and virtue, the extension of a ju-
dicious system of general education, the promotion of liter-
ature, the arts, sciences, agriculture, commerce and manu-
factures, and 'the general amelioration of the condition of
the people.

Art. 44. That the provisions of the Constitution of the
United States, and of this State, apply as well in time of
war as in time of peace; and any departure therefrom, or
violation thereof, under the plea of necessity, or any other
plea, is subversive of good government and tends to anarchy
and despotism.

Art. 45. This enumeration of Rights shall not be con-
strued to impair or deny others retained by the People.