ART. 38. That every gift, sale or devise of land to any-
Minister, Public Teacher or Preacher of the Gospel, as such.
or to any Religious Sect, Order or Denomination, or to, or for
the support, use or benefit of, or in trust for, any Minister,
Public Teacher or Preacher of the Gospel, as such, or
any Religious Sect, Order or Denomination, and every
gift or sale of goods, or chattels, to go in succession,
or to take place after the death of the Seller or Donor,
to or for such support, use or benefit; and also every devise of
goods or chattels to or for the support, use or benefit; and also
every devise of goods or chattels to any Minister, Public
Teacher or Preacher of the Gospel, as such, or any Religious
Sect, Order or Denomination, without the prior or subse-
quent sanction of the Legislature, shall be void; except
always, any sale, gift, lease or devise of any quantity of land,
not exceeding five acres, for a church, meeting-house, or
other house of worship, or parsonage; or for a burying
ground, which shall be improved, enjoyed or used only for
such purpose; or such sale, gift, lease or devise shall be void.

ART. 39. That the manner of administering an oath or
affirmation to any person, ought to be such as those of the-
religious persuasion, profession or denomination of which he
is a member, generally esteem the most effectual confir-
mation by the attestation of the Divine being.

ART. 40. That the liberty of the press ought to be invio-
lably preserved; that every citizen of the State ought to.
be allowed to speak, write and publish his sentiments on all
subjects, being responsible for the abuse of that privilege.

ART. 41. That monopolies are odious, contrary to the
spirit of a free Government and the principles of commerce
and ought not to be suffered.

ART. 42. That no title of nobility or hereditary honors'
ought to be granted in this State.

ART. 43. That the Legislature ought to encourage the
diffusion of knowledge and virtue, the extension of a judicious
system of general education, the promotion of literature, the
arts) sciences, agriculture, commerce and manufactures, and
the general amelioration of the condition of the people.

ART. 44. That the provisions of the Constitution of the
United States, and of this State, apply as well in time of war
as in time of peace; and any departure therefrom, or violation
thereof, under the plea of necessity, or any other plea, is sub-
versive of good government and tends to anarchy and des-
potism.

ART. 45 This enumeration of rights shall not be construed
to impair or deny others retained by the People.