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amending, strengthening and preserving the laws, the
Legislature ought to be frequently convened.
Art. 13. That every man hath a right to petition the
Legislature for the redress of grievances in a peaceable
and orderly manner.
Art. 14. That no aid, charge, tax, burthen or fees,
ought to be rated or levied under any pretense without
the consent of the Legislature.
Art. 15. That the levying of taxes by poll is grievous
and oppressive, and ought to be prohibited; that paupers
ought not to be assessed for the support of the govern-
ment, but every person in the State, or person holding
property therein, ought to contribute his proportion of
public taxes for the support of the government, according
to his actual worth in real or personal property; yet fines,
duties or taxes may properly be imposed or laid with a
political view for the good of the government and benefit
of the community.
Art. 16. That sanguinary laws ought to be avoided as
far as it is consistent with the safety of the State; and
no law to inflict cruel or unusual pains and penalties ought
to be made in any case or at any time hereafter.
Art. 17. That retrospective laws punishing acts com-
mitted before the existence of such laws, and by them
only declared criminal, are oppressive, unjust and incom-
patible with liberty, wherefore, no ex post facto law
ought to be made.
Art. 18. That no law to attaint particular persons of
treason or felony ought to be made in any case or at any
time hereafter.
Art. 19. That every man, for any injury done to him
in his person or property, ought to have remedy by the
course of the law of the land, and ought to have justice
and right, freely without sale, fully without denial, and
speedily without delay, according to the law of the land.
Art. 20. That the trial of facts where they arise is
one of the greatest securities of the lives, liberties and
estates of the people.
Art. 21. That in all criminal prosecutions every man
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