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A. Reapportionment ................................................... 160
B. §5 of the Voting Rights Act of 1965 .................................... 161
C. §2 Challenges to Election Laws ....................................... 162
D. The 1982 Amendments to the Voting Rights Act .......................... 162
VII. Race and the Employment in Maryland ...................................... 165
A. Disparate Impact Litigation ........................................... 166
1. The Griggs Standard .......................................... 166
2. Baltimore Firefighters ......................................... 167
3. The Baltimore Police .......................................... 169
4. The Shift to Scrutiny on Statistical Showing of Discrimination ......... 170
B. Disparate Treatment Litigation ........................................ 172
C. Affirmative Action Programs ......................................... 173
D. Fowler v. McCrory ................................................. 176
E. Some General Observations .......................................... 176
ENDNOTES
Introduction ................................:............................... 178
Chapter One ................................................................ 178
Chapter Two................................................................ 196
Chapter Three ............................................................... 210
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