Brugger, Chapter VI
 

A House Divided
 

I. Begins roughly at 1850, notes division between the urban centers, problem of mixture of both north and south
 

I. education, Marylanders resisted public school system
 

1825 act adopted plan, left implementation to counties
 

by 1850 academies prevalent, illiteracy at ca. 5%, between N.E. at 2 % and Va. at 8.6%.
 

Canal and Railroad nearly reach their goals by 1850s, opening up the coal fields, etc.
 

discusses progress of thre Railroads; notes the transfer from one line to another in Baltimore was by horsedrawn cart, although in 1845 heavy freight coul be transferred by steam at night (p. 253).
 

Shipbuilding, steamboat travel on the bay, economy revives by 1850; notes the Ann McKim
 

"All these economic advances worked to change the character of the people who called Maryland home.' (p. 255)
 

36,000 foreign born of 54,000 in 1850 reside in Baltimore city (population of nearly 170,000) [21% of Baltimore's population foreign born in 1850]
 
 

II. politics in 1850: "gave its spokesmen an in-between perspective that counseled coolness and compromise." (p. 256) Maryland declines to participate in a convention of slave states in 1850. Maryland favored the compromise of 1850.
 
 

III. Constitution of 1850, discusses main provisions, notes end of Whigs, Democracts carry State in Presidential election for first time, 1852 (Franklin Pierce)
 

IV. Rise of Know-Nothing party (back tracks to Jew Bill, 1825, passed by one vote, suggesting KN's were uneasy with Jews), (p. 259), but most concerned about immigrants.
 

Fall of 1855, KN took control of Baltimore City Government, gained balance of power in Legislature, filled four of six congressional seats.
 

1856, Fillmore carries Maryland (only state), [James Buchanan wins] (p. 263)
 

Know nothings drop their anti-Catholic stance once in power; focus on immigrants; notes Ligon v. Swann (KN, mayor of Baltimore), violence in Baltimore, succeeded by ballot box stuffing.
 

Taney, 1857 Dred Scott decision, Missouri Compromise unconstitutional, once a slave, always a slave where ever in U.S. the slave may be.

notes growth in numbers of free blacks. Passing reference to Samuel Green (p. 265) troubles over owning copy of Uncle Tom's Cabin.

1857 downturn led to conflict between poor whites and free blacks in Baltimore city. (p. 266)

V. notes curious resolution of Curtis W. Jacobs, referendum on slavery defeated in 1860.

VI. conventions in Baltimore (Southern Democrats and Constitutional Union-Bell) Maryland goes for Brackenridge barely, by a fraction, (8 electoral votes)

yet Maryland refuses to secede.

VII. emphasis on governor Thomas Hick's role: (p. 273) (uses Evitts and George Radcliff's study of Hicks, 1901)

p. 274: Riot of April 19, 1861

VIII. John Pendleton Kennedy's Appeal to Maryland argues the economic disadvantages of being in the Confederacy, notes that ties with West Virginia more important than ties with Virginia (p. 278). Lincoln uses military power to keep Maryland in the Union. May 13, General Butler occupies Federal Hill. [Refers to the Bonnie Blue, but what of the Crossland Red?-- see it on p. 280, re: Dix's rule of the City]

notes that many legislators, judges, etc. are arrested as disloyal.

problem of treating treason: cites Taney defense of Merryman, via defense of Habeas Corpus [good time to remember the hanging of Captain Thomas? Smith who had claimed benefit of clergy but was hanged for treason in ca. 16?? see: MP Andrews]

notes treatment of Richard Bennett Carmichael (p.283); composition of Maryland My Maryland by JR Randall.

IX. [brother against brother]

May 1862, Maryland 1st confederate v. Maryland 1st Federal at Front Royal

suggests that ca. 5,000 men served the Confederacy at any one time from Maryland (p. 285), ultimately 20,000 men claimed to be Confederate veterans (p. 285).

suggests that 25,000 white volunteers were recruited, + about 5,000 sailors and marines, for Union forces. [no concrete sources quoted for either estimate]

17 September 1862, Antietam (Sharpsburg); 4,800 menkilled, more american had died in battle that day than on any other day in history (p.289)

value of the B&O to the Union (p. 291)

notes divisions, raids, ransoms (Frederick's $200,000); late in war Maryland abolishes slavery, the first slave state to do so. (p, 297)

1862, District emancipation, Maryland slaves flee to the District; (p. 299).

Unconditional Unionists, Conservatives; recruitment of black soldiers

Unconditional Unionists won a majority in the General Assembly in the fall of 1863; called a Constitutional Convention in 1864; (suggests as many as 2/3 of voters did not vote because they were not loyal, disagreed) (p. 302). Convention met from Apil to September with break for National Republican Convention in Baltimore in early June. Only 35 member minority [did they reemerge with the majority in 1867?] see illustration of oath of allegiance (p. 303), for 1864. Convention adopted declaration of rights that included freeing slaves.

notes that there were six regiments (8,718) of black Marhlanders who served (p. 304-305, cites Blassingame, John W. The Recruitment of Negro troops in Maryland, , MdHM, 58(1963):29)

quotes Black recruit to end chapter: "Help us to fight for de country--fight for our own homes and our own free children and our children's children." October 1863, Baltimore Daily Gazette.