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From the Baltimore Sun
Sun follow-up
'81 study identified arsenic
Hopkins researcher says city officials, EPA shrugged off warning
By Tom Pelton
Sun reporter
May 2, 2007
A Johns Hopkins researcher documented high levels of arsenic in a South
Baltimore park more than 25 years ago and concluded the element was
likely responsible for an unusually high cancer death rate in the
neighborhood.
Dr. Genevieve Matanoski, working under a grant from the U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, published a study in 1981 that linked
arsenic dust from the Allied Chemical Co. pesticide plant next to Swann
Park to a fatal lung cancer rate more than three times normal for
Baltimore's working-class neighborhoods.
She found high levels of arsenic along the rail lines leading to and
from the factory and concluded that the carcinogenic dust was probably
blowing off train cars and polluting not only the park but also nearby
residential areas.
"Nobody was keeping it secret," Matanoski, former chairman of the EPA's
science advisory board, said of the high arsenic levels in Swann Park.
"We told the city and the EPA, 'You've got arsenic in the soil in the
park, and it's a problem,' and they were like, 'OK, thanks for the
information.'"
She faulted federal, state and local governments for failing to follow
up on her study with more tests and perhaps removing or burying the
arsenic. "The [cancer] deaths had to be followed up on," she said.
"Somebody has to take the information and use it."
Baltimore officials recently suggested that nobody outside of Allied
and perhaps a state cleanup task force knew about the high levels of
arsenic in Swann Park. "I want to understand why we are only learning
about this problem now," Mayor Sheila Dixon demanded April 20, as she
announced a city investigation into why arsenic levels in the park were
kept quiet for years.
Matanoski said her conclusions were published in the journal
Environmental Research, and she presented them to the EPA and to a
conference of the American Public Health Association. Some of her
preliminary findings were reported in The Sun in 1976.
Swann Park, beside the Middle Branch of the Patapsco River, opened in
1914 and for decades was popular among children's sports leagues,
including the football and softball teams of Southern High School, now
called Digital Harbor. For almost a century, from the late 1800s until
1976, Allied and other companies immediately north of the park used
arsenic, a known cancer-causing agent, and other chemicals to make
pesticides. The products included kepone, a highly toxic nerve-damaging
compound, and DDT, which was later banned for killing fish and birds.
The city closed the park last month after Allied's successor company,
Honeywell International, turned over to the state documents related to
the repair of a leaky asphalt cap built over the now-vacant factory
site. The documents showed that confidential company tests in 1976
found high levels of arsenic in the park. A new round of testing last
month showed that arsenic remains in the park at levels up to 2,200
parts per million, more than 100 times what is considered safe.
A state senator who represents the area and a longtime football coach
at nearby Southern High School, whose teams practiced in the park,
voiced outrage that nobody told them about the arsenic.
Sen. George W. Della Jr. grew up near the Race Street factory in a
neighborhood that Matanoski found was a high cancer zone. He
represented the district on the Baltimore City Council in 1976 and 1977
when the city closed and then reopened Swann Park, after kepone was
found in the ball fields.
'Screaming, crying'
He said he was assured by city officials at the time that the park was
safe. If he had heard about Matanoski's study, Della said, he would
have demanded that the park remain closed until all the toxic chemicals
were cleaned up.
"We were never made privy to information like this," Della said of the
study. "There would have been such a screaming and crying that Swann
Park would never have reopened."
Don Wade, coach and athletic director at Southern High School during
the 1970s and 1980s, said he's angry that nobody told him about the
arsenic in the park or the high cancer rates found by the study. Wade
said he led hundreds of football players and other athletes in frequent
practices on the contaminated soil.
"At no time did I ever know about arsenic being there, no," he said.
"I've got thousands of kids who have been subjected to this over the
last 35 years, and nobody knows what's going to happen to them."
Terri White, a spokeswoman for the EPA, said yesterday that her agency
is performing an archive search to determine what the government did
with the Swann Park study. "I can't say what actions we may have taken
that far back," White said.
The city's health commissioner, Dr. Joshua M. Sharfstein, said he plans
to meet with Matanoski today to discuss her study. After closing the
park April 19, Sharfstein called in federal health investigators, who
are now studying whether the high levels of arsenic dust in the soil
pose any risk to neighborhood residents.
"It's pretty interesting that there was a paper on a very closely
related topic to what we are now dealing with," Sharfstein said.
He said it's unclear whether anyone in the city government read
Matanoski's study at the time. Sharfstein speculated that perhaps there
wasn't much follow-up to the study because the plant closed in 1976.
"One question is whether people just felt relieved that the plant was
shutting down, and there wasn't a lot of attention paid to the soil" in
the areas around the plant, Sharfstein said.
Records on file with the Maryland Department of the Environment suggest
that city officials wanted discussions of pollution problems at the
former Allied plant kept quiet.
A 1997 report from a consultant working for the city acknowledged
"sensitive issues" surrounding the site, but it said the city's goals
were to "allay public concerns" and encourage "favorable media
coverage."
A 2002 letter from the city's law office to the Maryland Department of
the Environment thanked the state for its "current and future efforts"
to keep documents "confidential" about an interim agreement between the
city and Honeywell to contain pollution at the factory site.
Horacio Tablada, who is director of the MDE's Waste Management
Administration, said he was not aware of Matanoski's study until he
received a copy of it this week from The Sun.
He noted that the state environment department didn't even exist when
the study was published in 1981. "That was at the infancy of
environmental programs in the whole country," Tablada said. "There were
a lot of things that agencies were not communicating about at the time."
Tablada said that on April 24, the state ordered the city, which owns
the park, and Honeywell, which is responsible for the pollution, to
come up with a cleanup plan within 30 days.
Matanoski has been teaching at the Johns Hopkins School of Public
Health since 1957 and is chairman of an EPA advisory subcommittee on
arsenic.
In 1976 and 1977, she and her assistants took more than 100 soil
samples from Swann Park and the surrounding neighborhood in South
Baltimore and sent them to an EPA-certified lab for testing. She and
her fellow researchers found the highest levels of arsenic near the
northern edge of the park, near where the factory loaded train cars
with arsenic-based pesticides.
They also found unusually high levels of arsenic in the dirt for the
half-mile stretch of the rail line that they checked leading north from
the plant along Race Street, west of the Federal Hill neighborhood.
"They had big hopper cars, and [the arsenic] poured down through the
spouts, and it would spill all the way down," she said. "As they
bounced along, it poured out onto the tracks. And if a wind picked up,
it would blow out into the neighborhood."
High cancer rates
She checked the hospital records of 700 people - some lived in the
neighborhood, some lived in other white, blue-collar areas of the city.
None worked at the plant. In the census tract around the factory, her
team found 3.2 times the normal lung cancer death rate among men in the
years 1968 to 1974.
Matanoski's conclusion was that arsenic dust from the plant and its
train cars was causing fatal lung cancer in the neighborhood. The
deaths were only among men; this might have been because only men
played on Swann Park's ball fields, she theorized. Another explanation
was that men smoked more than women, she said, and smoking made lungs
more vulnerable to cancer triggered by arsenic dust.
It's not clear what risks, if any, were faced by children playing in
the park after the factory closed, she said. That's because the arsenic
in the park's soil today is less likely to become airborne and cause
harm than the dust that drifted off the plant's rail cars.
tom.pelton@baltsun.com
Copyright © 2007, The Baltimore Sun