62	SLAVERY & ABOLITION

phrase translates: 'gentle in manner'.

85. Thomas W. Spalding, The Premier See: A History of the Archdiocese of Baltimore, 1789-
1989 (Baltimore, 1989), pp.38-9,43. '"

86. Ashton to Carroll, 25 July 1801, Special A-A7, AAB.

87. Ashton accused Carroll of heavy drinking and sexual misconduct. See Ashton to Carroll, 15
June 1802, Special A-A2, AAB; Ashton to Carroil, 2 July 1806, Special A-A5, AAB;
Spalding, 43; and Carroll to Leonard Neale, 5 July 1801, in Hanley 2: pp.352-3.

88. 'Financial Notation on John Ashton', 1801, in Hanley, 2: p.339. Ashton to Carroll, 13 June
180!, Special A-A3, AAB.

89. Carroll of Carrollton to Harper, 6, 15 and 26 June 1802, HPP, MHS.

90. The slave's name was Daniel. He claimed to have been descended from Ann Joice and was
one of the many slaves who negotiated with Carroll of Carrollton to ensure that their free-
dom would be determined by the outcome of Mahoney's trial.

91. Ridgely to Carroll of Carrollton [no date], quoted in Carroll of Carrollton to Harper, 14 July
1802, VF, MHS.

92. Carroll of Carrollton to Harper, 11 July 1802, HPP, MHS.

93. 'Deposition of Samuel Douglas', 10 April 1802, Judgments; 'Deposition of Thomas Lane',
10 April 1802, Judgments.

94. 'Final Verdict', Judgments.

95. In 1808 Clem Joice, another of Ann Joice's relatives, petitioned for his freedom. Citing the
late Thomas Lane's deposition in Mahoney v. Ashton, the Circuit Court of the District of
Columbia refused to honour Joice's request. Ironically, the defense's chief counsel was
Francis Scott Key, a nephew of Philip Barton Key and the future author of "The Star
Spangled Banner'. See Catterall, 163; The Federal Cases...in the Circuit and District Courts
of the United States... (St. Paul, 1895) 13: pp.907-8. During the War of 1812, Mathias
Mahoney, a relation of Charles and a well-respected slave, was responsible for saving the
Jesuit mission at St. Inigoes. When the British invaded, he led the 'young girls' to safety and
hid a satchel containing several thousand dollars. See Edwin W. Beitzell, The Jesuit
Missions of St. Mary's County, Maryland (Cabell, MD 1960), pp. 132-3.