20.       Ronald Hoffman, A Spirit of Dissension: Economics. Politics and the Revolution in
Maryland (1973). See also Benjamin Quarles, "The Revolutionary War as a Black
Declaration of Independence," in Hoffinan and Berlin, ed., Slavery and Freedom in the
Age of the American Revolution 283 (1983).

21.      Paul G. E. Clemens, The Atlantic Economy and Colonial Maryland's Eastern Shore
(1980).

22.      James S. VanNess, "Economic Development, Social and Cultural Changes 1800-1850,"
in Walsh and Fox, ed., Maryland: A History 1632-1974 156, 162-63 (1975).

23.      Richard S. Dunn, "Black Society in the Chesapeake 1776-1810," in Hoffrnan and Berlin,
supra note 20 at 49, 63.

24.       Richard Walsh, "The Era of the Revolution," in Walsh and Fox, supra note 22 at 55, 81 -3.

25.      Id at 91-3.

26.       "An Act for laying an Imposition upon Negroes Slaves & White [Servants] imported into
this Province," 1695 law imposing a duty of 10 shillings on the importation of negroes
and 2 shillings 6 pence on the importation of white servants. 19 Maryland Archives 193.
The tax was raised by 10 shillings in 1696 for one year. In 1704 a tax of 20 shillings was
imposed on the importation of irish servants and negroes. The 1715 statute made it clear
that the tax on irish servants was to prevent the growth of Catholicism while the tax on
negro slaves was to raise money. In 1717 an additional 20 shilling tax was imposed to
raise money for schools, hi 1756 an additional tax of 20 shillings for the French &
Indian War was imposed. In 1763, ch. 27 of the session laws imposed a 2 pound tax for
schools on top of the previous levies.

27.       An Act for sinking the quota of Maryland of the bills of credit issued by Congress, 1780
session laws, ch. 8. The Act exempted persons coming to Maryland to reside who
brought slaves with them, imposed a duty of fifteen pounds on slaves who had resided in
the state for three years and a duty of five hundred pounds on all other slaves. See Jeffrey
Brackett, The Negro in Maryland 45 (1889).

28.       Maryland Laws 1783 ch. 23. See_Brackett, supra note 27, at 45-8.

29.       This was codified into permanent law in 1797 by "An Act relating to Negroes, and to

repeal the acts of assembly therein mentioned," Laws of Maryland 1796, ch. 67, section 5.

30.       Madison's Notes of Debates in the Federal Convention, Tuesday, August 21, reprinted in
Solberg, ed., The Federal Convention and the Formation of the Union 279 (1958).

31.      Luther Martin, The Genuine Information Delivered to the Legislature of the State of

Maryland (1788) reprinted in Herbert J. Storing, The Complete Anti-Federalist, n, 61-2

198