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ENDNOTES
Introduction
1. According to an Astronomy textbook from 1981, there are over 400 billion stars in the
Milky Way Galaxy alone. The center of the Milky Way is 30,000 light years from earth.
While Altair is only 16 light years away, other stars in the earth's portion of the galaxy are
thousands of light years away. For example, Deneb is 1600 light years away. The most
distant galaxy is 10 billion light years from earth. Donald Goldsmith, The Evolving
Universe: An Introduction to Astronomy (Menlo Park, California: The
Benjamin/Cummings Publishing Company, Inc., 1981). pp. 21, 26.
Chapter One
1. The New Style or Gregorian calendar was promulgated by Pope Gregory XIII in 1582,
but England and its possessions followed the Old Style calendar for another 170 years, hi
addition to beginning the year on March 25, the Old Style calendar was ten days behind
the New Style, so that Old Style March 25 was April 4 in the New Style calendar. The
difference widened to eleven days in 1700. The English Calendar (New Style) Act of
1750 took effect in 1752 with the day following September 2 becoming September 14.
The year 1753 began the following January 1.
Citations in this book include both Old Style and New Style years; e.g. March 1, 1633/4.
References to days in the month are left in the Old Style to prevent confusion.
2. The spelling in this and subsequent passages has been corrected and modernized to
facilitate reading. Father Andrew White, Narrative of a Voyage to Maryland (1634),
reprinted in Clayton Colman Hall, Narratives of Early Maryland 1633-1684 25, 40
(1935).
3. A Declaration of Lord Baltemore's Plantation in Maryland, nigh upon Virginia:
manifesting the Nature, Quality, Condition and rich Vtilities it Contayneth (London,
1633).
4. A Relation of Maryland (London; 1635) in Hall, Clayton Colman, Narratives of Early
Maryland. 1633-1684 (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1910).
5. Although Kent Island lay within the royal grant, Claibome claimed his occupation gave
him rights superior to Lord Baltimore there. The dispute led to a brief skirmish on the
water in 1635 where Claibome's men were defeated. Claiborne's efforts to secure redress
in England failed, and Kent Island came under proprietary control.
6. 3 Maryland Archives 258, ABH Folio 65-66. Ross M. Kimmel, "The Negro before the
Law in Seventeenth Century Maryland," 25 (M.A. Thesis, Md. 1971); Maryland
178
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