"He died at the hands of persons unknown."  This was a common conclusion publicly expressed by law enforcement and court personal following preliminary investigations of a social phenomena known as "lynching."  Lynching has likely evolved from its original meaning to one that may uncomfortably, and often inaccurately serve as an umbrella for many types of mob activity resulting in the death of individuals.  The term "lynch" likely has its origins in eighteenth century Virginia.  Charles Lynch, a Revolution Era Virginia Planter and Justice of the Peace, became infamous among loyalists for his willingness to circumvent legal convention and due process in efforts to frustrate Toryism.  In its earliest manifestations, "lynching" was a form of vigilantism perpetrated for a number of reasons.  During the time period under consideration, lynchings often took place after court trials, and in lieu of sentencing and/or capital punishment scheduled to be carried out by the state.  Though the act represented a usurpation of the due process system (if only the last stages of it), lynchings often received the support and approval of the general citizenry across lines of race, ethnicity, and gender.  Lynchings of this type -- presumably the most common type -- appeared to benefit from a presumption of moral defensibility.  In many cases the guilt of the person lynched was beyond question.  Only in a few instances were lynch mob members pursued with any vigor or zeal, even when authorities knew their identities. 

During the time period under consideration, lynchings were also perpetuated as a form of social control, especially it seems, the maintenance of white supremacy.  In such cases, "lynching" not only connotated death by execution, but often execution with guilt of the executed in doubt, or at least guilt for the crime for which he/she was being punished.  Often the lynched represented some threat to the established order of white supremacy, or a potential threat thereto.  In these cases where the act of lynching seemed intended to serve as an example to other possible social transgressors, the execution (or murder) was accompanied by mutilation, dismemberment, and display.  Historically, one question has presented itself: at what point did lynching evolve from its earlier, moralistic, vigilantism to its latter expression of criminalistic social control?  We hope to uncover the resources for entertaining such a question.

Newspaper Search and Stripping for
Lynchings in Maryland, 1860s – 1930s

From a list of lynchings known to have taken place in various Maryland counties between the 1860s and the 1930s, this project will seek to document the events as recorded in the press.  When at all available, the local press will be used, moving out to the more regional presses only as fallback options.  The dates listed for each lynching incident are fairly accurate (+/- 10 to 12 weeks).  Most of the newspapers to be used are weeklies, so where date inaccuracy exists it should not pose a major problem.

Starting with the first report of the alleged trigger crime and following the developments through to the lynching and any fall-out from the lynching, this project will produce a bibliographical reference sheet for each lynching which includes the name of the press and information on each individual article published pertaining to the crime and the subsequent lynching.  Bibliographic references will include the page number for each article appearing in the press.  Once any given lynching’s coverage in a press has been fully stripped, a "Lynching Profile Questionnaire" will be completed, and characteristics compiled in table formats.