Brugger: prefaace: X

Maryland finally deserves our attention for the particular results American issues brought to this place combining North and South, Cavalier and Yankee, business and pleasure. Over three and one-half centuries, Marylanders in a sense developed a culture all their own. As they came to grips with (or sidestepped) the choices facing them, they cultivated a middle-state ethos -- a sensibility founded on compromise given conflict, on toleration given differences among people and their failings, on the purusit of happiness given the brevity of life and the allurements of Maryland scenery and the Chesapeake Bay. Marylanders at their best have stood for moderation, skepticism, ironic humor, love of place, and a sense of proportion that reminds one of the sailor's heed to both sail and ballast. My title hints at this unifying theme: the elusive character of Maryland may lie in its search for what we can abbreviate as a middle way, between extremes, where the human spirit thrives.
 

Chapter I

Takes theme from Andrew White (3): "Maryland preserves, he wrote, "a middle temperature between the two, and enjoys the advantages, and escapes the evils of, each."
 

[need note on White's subsequent career, home in chains? death?]
 

Begins with George Calvert (notes Avalon, name taken from the mythical point where Christianity entered Britain (4) reinforcing theory that G. Calvert wanted to found a Catholic outpost in the new world.
 

(cites Calvert 1622 coat of arms, only black and gold shield, but with Fatti Maschi Parole Femine [need work on the motto, note that it is perhaps derivative from some doggeral of Herberts??])
 

George dies in Feb? 1632 (5); uses instructions (7) of Cecil to indicate Cecil's concerns about what the Colonists might face. Notes stress on religious asylum for Catholics.
 

discusses settlement, state of Indian population, alliances with local indians against Susquehannocks, the turns to conflict with Claiborne (12)
 

Cecil Calvert's view of Government: (13), conflict over his code of laws.
 

1634/5? (16) Dove took cargo of grain to Mass. (Good first crop), but tobacco quickly becomes the cash crop [Sidney Mintz, book on Sugar, how people get hooked on a commodity they do not need, Maryland founded on habit, exporting a drug]
 

[source of Orinoco? South American? Jesuits?] (17) Maryland tobacco bulkier, stonger-scented,
 

Issue: "Planters worked their fields as long as possible, then moved on, further scattering population." (17) [doubt it; see Lois and Russ's new work]
 

Maryland in 1642 (17): few freeman lived on Manors, although most of the land surveyed fell within Manors.
 

Turns to England (18), notes death of Anne Arundel (1639), and religious wars, troubles with Charles, but does not indicate what Cecil was doing all that time. Turns to Thomas Copley (Father Philip Fisher) and his work on behalf of the Jesuits. (18-19). Ingles' rebellion (Cornwallis involved?) [1641-1646]
 

Death of Leonard Calvert (1647?) and controversy with the Brents re: administration of Lord Baltimore's affairs; 1648: Protestant Governor Stone replaces Catholic Greene, chosen by Leonard C. just before he died.
 

Act of Toleration (1649) confirming toleration for Puritans under Stone who settled at Providence on the Severn. (20)
 

1654: Stone retrieves records of the Colony from Puritan stronghold on Patuxent (21), then loses battle of the Severn (1655), Act of toleration suspended from 1654-1657; Compromise reached.
 

Population: 1660: 2500; 1690: 20,000 (22) looks at death rate, seasoning;

"Frequent loss of spouses, partents, and youngsters left these settlers anxious and guarded. Husbands and fathers expected their widows to face the burden of young children. .." Notes that roughly half the children born in 17th Md died before 20 (24). Households in Maryland more complex than in NE.
 

then looks at labor force: suggests morality laxer in new world, says Bridal pregnancy twice that of England (24) [source?] Trying to convey the harshness of life (in contrast to the picture painted by Leah and Rachel. [but what was life in Rural, civil war-torn England like? How did people live there?] suggests husbands recognized how hard women worked (26-based on Lois Carr, Lorena Walsh's work). Some servants did well (marrying widows) (27).
 

"With mortality rates leaving gaps to be filled, tobacco (despite price fluctuations) bringing profits, wages holding at fifteen to twenty pounds of tobacco per day, and land abundant, luck and industry could pay high dividends in mid-seventeenth century Maryland. The Province developed a reputation, partially deserved, as "a find poor man's country."*" (28).[*source of quote: Reverend Joseph Mosely, S.J. quoted in Edward Ignatius Devitt, ed., Woodstock Letters, PUblished by the Students of Woodstock College, 35(1906):53-54.]
 

Religion: [argues that there was a longing for the Church of England (28)], discusses Presbyterians, Quakers, 1672, George Fox himself comes. Uses David Jordan's 1982 article in WMQ 39:636.
 

Augustine Herrman (31), by 1674, largest private landowner in North America.
 

1681: Fendall's rebellion
 

1689: Coode's rebellion (36-40)
 

"The province of Maryland, a Calvert family venture, next became a royal colony subject directly to thge Crown. The change represented failure. Settlers in Maryland had made their homes between New England (and now Pennsylvania and New York) and Virginia (and the Carolinia). Avoiding geographic extremes, they had groped less successfully for "middleness" of a different kind: a political center in a society made up of diverse elements."