Beneath the Underground:
Understanding Assisted Flight
& the Conspiracy Against Slavery in Maryland,
1830 – 1860
 

Selected Case Studies:
Prince George's County


Fugitives Aiding and Abetting
Identified As Black, by County, by Gender
Aiding and Abetting
Not Identified As Black, by County, by Gender
Enticement and Persuasion
Identified As Black, by County, by Gender
Enticement and Persuasion
Not Identified As Black, by County, by Gender
Peripheral
Identified As Black, by County, by Gender
Peripheral
Not Identified As Black, by County, by Gender

Fugitives
(back to top)
 
When enslaved African Americans ran, their pursuers always assumed that they would be assisted in evading recapture.  The homes of family and friends, especially those living in large cities like Washington, D.C., Baltimore, and even Philadelphia,  were often suspected destinations for those on the run.  This was especially so when relative or aquaintances were free blacks.  It should be noted, however, that while pursuers of those fleeing Prince George's County often suspected nearby destinations, they nonetheless advertised the runaway in the far-off Baltimore Sun.

These are cases of enslaved Marylanders who ran from bondage as individuals or part of a group.

Nat Burgess
Nat Burgess, a twenty-six year old enslaved man belonging to Thomas Clagett, one of Prince George's County's largest slave holders, fled in 1852.
see advertisement

Bill Carroll
In February 1846 Bill Carroll fled from Baruch Mullikin's farm in Nottingham near Upper Marlboro, Prince George's County.  He was known have a wife on the Skinner Estate, also in Nottingham.  The forty-five year-old Carroll remained at large in the county for the better part three months, apparently, before crossing the Patuxent into Calvert County.

see advertisment [18460508bs]

Emanuel Gough 
Emanuel Gough  ran from  Thomas R. Early's farm in the Nottingham District on March 16, 1855.  Early had a good idea of were the young man was headed.  "I purchased him of Mrs. Sarah Harwood, Saratoga Street, Baltimore, and she has a brother of his living with her; and his mother (a free woman) also lives in Baltimore," the slave owner advertised. He added that Gough's "wife" was the slave property of John L. Dufief, a Darnestown, Montgomery County attorney.

see advertisment [18550322bs]

John Ferral 
John Ferral was suspected by his Beltsville owner, James R. Brent,  to be heading south, not north.  Ferral's father lived in Charles County and it was thought that the eighteen year-old boy, who fled on August 27, 1854, was running to him.

see advertisment [18541118bs2]

Davy Jones 
Davy Jones was raised in Calvert County.  At some point he ended up the slave property of one Robert J. Young, in Nottingham, Prince George's County.  When Jones ran on March 13, 1855, Young suspected the forty year-old would seek family.  Jones's wife and children were held by a Mrs. Plummer near Fair Haven, Calvert County, and his father was held in Anne Arundel county, by the widow of the late James Kent 

see advertisment [18550330bs]

Mary
Forty year-old "Mary" fled with two other enslaved blacks, Lloyd Plathey and "John", from slaveholder Robert A. Clagett of Upper Marlboro in September 1851.  Mary, and perhaps her fellow fugitives as well, was believed to be moving east toward Bladensburg, on the Anacostia River.  Mary had once been held there, the property of George W. Bowie, and some of her relatives were still there.  Mary also may have run north, into the dense woods stretching from present-day Upper Marlboro along Church Road to Bowie known as "The Forest of Prince George's County."  In the "Forest" were held Mary's husband (by Samuel L. Brooke), and her father (by Dr. Benjamin Berry, "near the Brick Church")

see advertisment [18510918bs]

the Smith Family
Adam Smith, thirty, fled Isaac Scaggs's Beltsville plantation on August 22, 1857.  Smith's mother was held by a Mr. Hamelton, near Capitol Hill in Washington, D.C., and it was believed that he was headed for her.  However, two weeks later, on September 5, 1857, Adam Smith allegedly returned to Scaggs's Plantation, unbeknowst to the owner.  When he left again, this time Smith took his wife, Maria, and their four boys (Dall, Lem, Bill, and Ben) with him.

see advertisments [1] [18570827bs1], [2] [18570908bs2]

Susan
Susan, twenty-one and "far gone in pregnancy" ran from George W. Suyler of Bladensburg on October 10, 1841.  At large for at least several months, she reportedly reached Baltimore City.  She had been held in Old Town, Baltimore, before being purchased by Suyler and removed to Southern Maryland.

see advertisment [1] [18420203bs], [2] [18411027bs]

Susan, Jenny, and Mary Anne
On February 16, 1851 three women enslaved by George W. Graham fled his Upper Marlboro plantation.  Two of the women, Susan (23) and Jenny (15), were sisters.  Their father and aunt lived in Washington, D.C.  The two ran with a friend, Mary Anne, who also had relatives in Washington, D.C., and even some in New York City.  Whatever their destination, it was believed that they were headed to the safety of family

see advertisment [18510219bs2]

Milly Tyler
Milly Tyler, an 18 year old enslaved by R.H. Stuart of Prince George's County, fled in July  1851.  Miss Tyler's father and many other relatives were free blacks believed to be living in Washington, DC.  It was suspected she fled there.
see advertisement

 

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Aiding and Abetting
Identified As Black
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These are cases of persons indicted and/or convicted (and in some cases, later pardoned) for various actions viewed as  enabling a slave to flee or avoid recapture once on the run.  Many of these cases were of unwitting participants in a slave's flight, though a sizeable number reputed anti-slavery advocates.
John Kemp
John Kemp was charged with enticing, persuading and assisting slaves to run away.  He fled to the District of Columbia and was requisitioned along with 5 other free blacks on January 5, 1854 and then again by himself by Governor on May 6, 1864.  There was no record of him in the Penitentiary. He was most likely never caught by the authorities.

Henry Norton
Henry Norton slave of Thomas Brown of Prince George's Co. was charged along with John Kemp and 4 other free blacks for enticing, persuading and assisting slaves to run away. He also fled to the District of Columbia and was requisitioned along with the others on January 5, 1864 and again by himself on May 6, 1864.  There was no record of him in the Penitentiary. He too was most likely never caught by the authorities.

Six Negroes
William Brown, Lethe Brown, John Kemp, William Brown, William Lee and Henry Norton were all charged with enticing slaves to escape and stealing mules. They all escaped to the District of Columbia and were requisitioned by the Governor on January 5, 1864.William Lee's owner was Charles E. Eversfield of Prince George's Co. and the second William Brown's owner was John E. Bowie of Prince George's Co.

 

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Aiding and Abetting
Not Identified As Black
(back to top)
 
These are cases of persons indicted and/or convicted (and in some cases, later pardoned) for various actions viewed as  enabling a slave to flee or avoid recapture once on the run.  Many of these cases were of unwitting participants in a slave's flight, though a sizeable number reputed anti-slavery advocates.
 
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Enticement and Persuasion
Identified As Black
(back to top)
 
The people addressed in these cases were guilty of no action per se, only of allegedly putting the idea in a slave's head that he or she should run. These cases are most interesting because, like the "Peripheral" category, they speak to the relative hysteria surrounding the protection of restless property.
 
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Enticement and Persuasion
Not Identified As Black
(back to top)
 
The people addressed in these cases were guilty of no action per se, only of allegedly putting the idea in a slave's head that he or she should run. These cases are most interesting because, like the "Peripheral" category, they speak to the relative hysteria surrounding the protection of restless property.
 
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Peripheral
Identified As Black
(back to top)
 
These case do not actually deal with flight or assisted flight, but more generally the climate of the times. People in this category were guilty "disturbing the peace" in essence, for their possession, circulation, and promotion of so-called "incendiary" literature, or anti-slavery ideas.  Such a climate on the ideological level was crucial to validity of codes which saw the actions of those in the other three categories viewed as criminal. 
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Peripheral
Not Identified As Black
(back to top)
 
These case do not actually deal with flight or assisted flight, but more generally the climate of the times. People in this category were guilty "disturbing the peace" in essence, for their possession, circulation, and promotion of so-called "incendiary" literature, or anti-slavery ideas.  Such a climate on the ideological level was crucial to validity of codes which saw the actions of those in the other three categories viewed as criminal.