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Chapter 4

(1) Mark Reutter, Sparrows Point: Making Steel—The Rise and Ruin of American
Industrial Might (New York: 1988), 183.

(2) Andor Skotnes, "Structural Determination of the Proletariat and the Petty
Bourgeoisie: A Critique of Nicos Poulantzas," Insurgent Sociologist, volume IX,
number 1, Summer 1979,34-54.

(3) Harry Braverman, Labor and Monopoly Capital: The Degradation of Work in the
Twentieth Century (New York, 1974). chapter 1; Skotnes, "Structural," 34-54.
Braverman's path-breaking analysis is an elaboration of the Karl Marx, Capital
(New York, 1967), volume 1, parts 3 and 4.

(4) Braverman, Labor and Monopoly Capital, chapters 2-3; Skotnes, "Structural," 34-
54. The concept of the administrative or bureaucratic petty bourgeoisie has
similarities to the concept of the "Professional-Managerial Class," proposed by
Barbara and John Ehrenreich - a concept that caused some debate. See Pat
Walker, editor, Between Labor and Capital (Boston, 1979), for essays by the
Ehrenreichs and their critics.

(5) Skotnes, "Structural," 34-54.

(6) Skotnes, "Structural," 34-54. This is not to imply that there is a single road to
capitalist development and that those societies that mixed non- and pre-capitalist
relations with capitalist relations are at an early point on this road. Contemporary
underdeveloped Third World economies, with their mixtures of pre-capitalist
servile labor and capitalistic relations are every bit as modern as the United States
or Germany.

(7) U.S. Bureau of the Census, Fifteenth Census of the United States; Population
(1930), volume 4,661-665. Data from the Fifteenth Census has been reworked in
accordance with the above theoretical formulations to produce this table. Because
this process necessitated translating the Census* occupational categories into
categories of social class, the results are obviously broad approximations.

(8) Workers in the mechanized laundries and in dyeing enterprises that are listed
by the Census under "Domestic and Personal Service," and laborers in warehouses,
grain elevators, coal yards, and lumber yards that are listed under "Trade and
Commerce" should be included in the industrial working class, thus raising its
portion of the class as a whole to 65.2%.

(9) It is also probable that a number of craftspersons and artisans who owned small
businesses, and who were not workers at all, are listed in this category.

(10) Jo Anne E. Argersinger Toward a New Deal in Baltimore: People and
Government in the Great Depression (Chapel Hill, 1988), 3.