It is almost a ritual to acknowledge the staffs of archives and libraries in
which one has done research. It is a just ritual. I therefore want to thank the
archivists, librarians, and others who helped me with my research at the National
Archives, the Library of Congress, the Special Collections Division of the
University of Maryland College Park Libraries, the Main Branch of the New York
Public Library, the Schomburg Center of Research in Black Culture of the New
York Public Library, the Maryland Room of the Enoch Powell Free Library, the
Maryland Historical Society, the Lillie Carroll Jackson Civil Rights Museum, the
Soper Library at Morgan State College, the Towson State College Library, The
Johns Hopkins University Library, and the Columbia University Libraries
(including my colleagues in the Oral History Research Office).

Finally, I want to dedicate this dissertation to my parents, Art and Pearl
Skotnes, and to Teresa Meade's and my children, Darren and Claire.

V I