Herman, the Bohemian who settled in Cecil County and built the show
place "Bohemia Manor. " Herman's map was regarded as the best early
map of the province. These maps and claims were sent to England and
duly filed with the Privy Council as officially locating Maryland's northern
boundary. Thus, at least ten years before the grant of Pennsylvania to
William Penn, it had been legally established that Maryland's northern
boundary ran through present-day Philadelphia and included all of
Delaware.

Lord Baltimore took other steps to protect this domain. He made
determined efforts to colonize and govern it as a part of his province.
In 1669 he set up a new county of Maryland called Durham. This
county ran along the Delaware Bay and River from Cape Henlopen
north to the fortieth parallel, taking in such modern places as Lewes,
New Castle, Wilmington, Chester and Philadelphia, including land to
the west of them. He encouraged old settlers along the Chesapeake and
its tributaries to migrate into this new territory by offering cheap land.

In driving the Dutch out of America, the forces under the Duke of
York invaded the west shore of the Delaware to capture New Castle and
thereafter stayed on to colonize it. They fixed its northern boundary by
an artificially drawn semi-circle 12 miles distant from the town of New
Castle. That line remains today as Delaware's northern limits.

In the 1670's William Penn entered the picture. In 1680 Penn received
a grant of land in America north of Maryland and south of New York.
Lord Baltimore was consulted and gave his consent to this new neighbor
"if he keeps out of Maryland. " The King agreed. Penn's grant referred
to the southern boundary of his province as the Delaware circle and the
fortieth parallel, apparently referring to John Smith's early and incorrect
map. He either ignored or was unaware of the two later surveys and
Herman's map on file in the Privy Council. In 1681 he persuaded the
Duke of York to deed him all his claims and rights to the west bank of
the Delaware. In 1682 he sailed up the Delaware and settled Philadel-
phia with a band of Quakers, after making his memorable treaty with
the Indians. He laid claim to what today is substantially all of Pennsyl-
vania and Delaware, which he always referred to as the "lower counties. "

Lord Baltimore vigorously asserted his claim, based on the later and
more accurate maps, and thus began the "battle of the border, " which
raged off and on for many years. It appears that Penn early realized the
justice of Baltimore's claim and attempted to compromise it. Shortly
after his arrival in America he journeyed down to St. Mary's City to call
on Lord Baltimore. At this conference Penn made a unique suggestion.

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